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Tuesday 13 July 2010

Can Chocolate kill your dog?




Can Chocolate kill your dog??                                                                                   
                                                

You've probably heard that chocolate can kill your dog - but do you know why chocolate is poisonous, which types of chocolate are more harmful than others, the symptoms of chocolate poisoning and the one thing that's more lethal than chocolate?

The following seven questions tell you all you need to know about chocolate and your dog.

Why is chocolate poisonous?

The cocoa tree contains two naturally occurring substances - theobromine and caffeine - both of which are toxic to dogs. Cocoa beans conatin theobromine a higher concentration than caffeine.

Dogs metabolise theobromine very slowly - it can stay in your dog's bloodstream for up to 20 hours. During that time it interferes with the body's functioning mainly stimulating the central nervous system and affecting the heart and kidneys.

What is  the toxic level of theobromine?

                                               


The lethal dose for theobromine is between 100mg to 200mg per kg of bodyweight ; the lethal dose for caffeine is the same.

However, severe symptoms of theobromine poisoning may be evident at much lower doses .

According to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals' Animal Poison Control Center, mild signs of poisoning occur in animals ingesting 20 mg of theobromine and caffeine per kg of bodyweight, severe signs are seen at 40-50 mg/kg, and seizures occur at 60 mg/kg.

How your dog reacts to swallowing chocolate will be a function of his size, general health, sensitivity to theobromine and caffeine, and the type and quantity of chocolate eaten.

How much theobromine and caffeine is there in chocolate?

The level of theobromine and caffeine in chocolate varies between the type of chocolate, the brand and the fact that the natural occurrence of these substances in cocoa beans is variable.

Broadly:

* White chocolate - 1.1 mg of theobromine and caffeine per ounce of chocolate;
* Milk chocolate - 64 mg of theobromine and caffeine per ounce of chocolate;
* Dark sweet chocolate - 150 mg of theobromine and caffeine per ounce of chocolate;
* Instant cocoa powder - 151 mg of theobromine and caffeine per ounce of chocolate;
* Unsweetened baking chocolate - 440 mg of theobromine and caffeine per ounce of chocolate; and
* Dry coca powder - 808 mg of theobromine and caffeine per ounce of chocolate.

How much chocolate can my dog eat?

White chocolate does not contain very much theobromine and caffeine, and your dog would need to eat a very large quantity before he would be at risk from theobromine poisoning.

If we look at a 10lb (4.5kg) dog such as a Yorkshire Terrier and a 70lb (32kg) dog like a Labrador Retriever, the following amounts of chocolate would be considered lethal doses (if we take 100mg/kg as the lethal dose):

For the Yorkshire Terrier - approximately 7oz of milk chocolate or 3oz of instant cocoa powder, or 1oz of unsweetened baking chocolate or just over half an ounce of dry cocoa powder.

For the Labrador Retriever - approximately 3lbs of milk chocolate or 1.3lbs of instant cocoa powder or 7oz unsweetened baking chocolate or 4oz of cocoa powder.

These are approximate amounts only, but do show how lethal dark chocolate is compared to milk chocolate, and how small dogs are more at risk than large dogs.

Dogs get a taste for chocolate - they find the flavor of theobromine addictive. Even if your dog can eat small amounts of chocolate without any ill effect, don't give him a taste for it because he'll then try to sniff out and eat chocolate at every opportunity.

If you really want your dog to eat something that's like chocolate, you can always use carob which is a good alternative; here a link to a recipe for carob biscotti which your dog with love just as much as chocolate biscotti!

What are the signs of poisoning?

The symptoms of theobromine poisoning generally show within four to twenty four hours of your dog having eaten the chocolate.

The early symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, excessive thirst, increased urination and restlessness .

As time goes on, and your dog absorbs more theobromine into his system, symptoms such as lack of co-ordination, muscle twitching, hyperactivity, increased heart rate and raised blood pressure will be evident .

These can lead on to seizures, coma, heart arrhythmia, hyperthermia, and ultimately death .

Even if your dog eats a small amount of chocolate, he may show signs of vomiting and diarrhea due to the high fat and sugar content of the chocolate.

What do I do if my dog's eaten chocolate?

The first thing you should do is to call your vet and describe the symptoms your dog is showing (if any) and the type and quantity of chocolate your dog has, or you think he has, eaten.

Your vet will need to treat your dog, but may advise you to make your dog vomit before bringing him to the surgery. This will reduce the amount of theobromine that's in your dog's body that he can absorb.

Most dogs recover within 24 to 72 hours of treatment by their vet .

Does this mean that cocoa mulch is toxic too?

Yes, cocoa bean shell mulch is very toxic to dogs - there is approximately 255 mg of theobromine per ounce of mulch.

For a lethal dose of cocoa mulch our 10lb (4.5kg) Yorkshire Terrier needs to ingest just under 2ozs (368g), and our 70lb Labrador Retriever just 13ozs (368g).

Dogs are attracted to cocoa mulch as it has a sweet smell. As your dog explores things of interest with his mouth, and being an indiscriminate eater, he could easily swallow a couple of mouthfuls whilst he's investigating where that lovely cocoa smell is coming from.

It's not easy to notice that your dog has swallowed cocoa mulch - you're not likely to spot a pound of mulch missing from the garden. Most deaths from theobromine toxicity are from the ingestion of coca mulch because owners aren't aware their dog's eaten it. By the time the symptoms show the dog has often suffered too much internal damage to be saved .

John Caldecott.

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Carob - the non-toxic alternative to chocolate

Posted by Clare Bristow

dog-licking-his-lipsCarob is derived from the pods of the carob tree - it has a taste similar to chocolate but doesn't contain theobromine, the substance responsible for making chocolate toxic to dogs.

Here's an easy to make dog treat recipe for carob biscotti, in fact it's an owner treat too as they taste so good!

Once you've made the biscuits all you need to do is find a good excuse to give you and your dog a treat and enjoy!


The following ingredients will make approx 36 biscotti:

    *
      100 ml (1/3 cup) unsalted butter
    *
      200 ml (3/4 cup) sugar
    *
      2 eggs lightly whisked
    *
      10 ml (2 tsp) grated orange zest
    *
      530 ml (2 1/4 cups) whole wheat flour
    *
      10 ml (1 1/2 tsp) baking powder
    *
      1 ml (1/4 tsp) salt
    *
      90 g (6 oz) carob block (should be available in the health food section of your local grocery store, or at your local health food shop)

Here's how to do it, and it shouldn't take more than 40 minutes from start to finish:

   1.
      Make sure you have all indredients and utencils ready before you proceed. There's nothing worse than
running out of what you need when you need it.

   2.
      Cream the butter and sugar together in a mixing bowl until they turn light and fluffy.
   3.
      Add the eggs and orange zest and mix well.
   4.
      Combine the flour, baking powder, and salt in a separate bowl, then beat into the butter/sugar/egg mixture until it forms a firm dough.
   5.
      Divide the dough in half and form two logs on lightly greased baking sheet. Each log should be approximately 1/2" thick, 1 1/2" wide, and 12 inches long.
   6.
      Space the logs two inches apart and bake at 160ºC (325ºF) for 25 minutes (or until golden).
   7.
      Remove from the oven and them them cool for five minutes, then cut ½" wide slices at 45 degree angles.
   8.
      Lay the biscotti on the baking sheet and return them to the oven for 5 minutes then turn the biscuits over and bake for another 5 minutes.
   9.
      Remove biscuits from the oven and allow to cool.
  10.
      Whilst biscotti are cooling, melt the carob according to package instructions (preferably in a double boiler to avoid scorching).
  11.
      Dip half of each cookie into liquid carob, then allow to cool on wax-paper coated surface.
  12.
      The carob should be completely solid before transferring to a storage container as semi-soft carob easily sticks to other surfaces. (Transfer to Fridge if you have room available).


John Caldecott
A special thank's to Claire Bristow for the recipe.




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Saturday 12 June 2010

What Is A Canine Adult Stem Cell?

What Is A Canine Adult Stem Cell?

Canine adult stem cell therapy is now performed to our friend dogs to help them repair their system. Through this therapy, the system repairs tissue and mends the skeleton. This is the body’s natural system of renewal.

Dogs have this kind of therapy whenever they break a bone or tear a ligament. Once the stem cell reach the damaged organ, they become fresh, new replacements for the damaged cells. As the dog ages, fewer stem cells are releases into his circulation resulting or giving the dog a number of health problems and challenges. The higher the number of circulating stem cells in canine also in human, the faster and more complete is the repair and renewal. The more stem cells in circulation, the better overall health.

It is important to track or to learn your dog’s body clock. You can learn how to boost the production of your canine’s stem cells. You can result into transplants or injections, but therapy can also be used to restore the health of your dog. Effects of recombinant canine stem cell factor, a c-kit ligand and recombinant granulocyte colony- stimulating factor on hematopoietic recovery after otherwise lethal total body irradiation.

Adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, it can renew itself and can differentiate to yield the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ. Scientists have found adult stem cells in many more tissues that they once though possible.

Researching about the adult stem cell began in the 1960s. During that period, researches discovered that the bone marrow contains at least two kinds of stem cells. One population, called hematopoietic stem cells, forms all the types of blood cells in the body. A second population, called bone marrow stromal cells, was discovered a few years later. Stromal cells are a mixed cell population that generates bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous connective tissue.

Also in the 1960s, scientists who were studying rats discovered two regions of the brain that contained dividing cells, which become nerve cells. Despite these reports, most scientists believed that new nerve cells could not be generated in the adult brain. It was not until the 1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain’s three major cell types—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons, or nerve cells.

A singles adult stem cell should be able to generate a line of genetically identical cells, which then gives rise to all the appropriate differentiated cell types of the tissue. Scientists were able to discover that by infecting adult stem cells with a virus that gives a unique identifier to each individual cell, scientists have been able to demonstrate that individual adult stem cell clones have the ability to repopulate injured tissues in a living animal.

How does a dog benefit from the canine adult stem cell treatment? This method provide growth factors to support healing tissue, they are anti-inflammatory and they can change into the specific cell type to repair a given area, like a cartilage. Aside from these functions, they also hone in to the injured area for a quick repair including revitalizing weakened cells and support immune system function.

These new methods can be exciting new treatment for our beloved companions. However it is in the early stages of use. This is a very exciting new field in veterinary medicine, however no one can promise good results.

John Caldecott.

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Unlocking The Secret To The Adult Canine Stem Cell


Unlocking The Secret To The Adult Canine Stem Cell

Unlocking the secret to the adult canine stem cell will surely pave the way for a better future in creating a better bond between man and his canine friend.

But what exactly is an adult canine stem cell?

For starters, stem cells define the way how life is currently being viewed from varying perspectives, due to recent breakthroughs and discoveries about the many possible benefits and uses of stem cells, both in humans and animals.

Much has been said and controversies have arisen about breakthroughs in stem cell research and how many people perceive it as a major factor for breakthrough treatments of many diseases.

Initially, stem cells are generally basic primal cells found in all multi-cellular organisms that have the ability to regenerate through a process called mitotic cell division and can also differentiate to a broad and diverse range of specialized cell types.

Stem cells are broken down to three common categories, which are defined as embryonic stem cells that are derived from blastocysts, cord blood stem cells that are found in the umbilical cord and adult stem cells.

During the last couple of years, stem cells have established a reputation as a common household word, especially brought about by the recent exposure of stem cell research and breakthroughs, including those that involve adult canine stem cells for treatment and therapeutic properties for the canine species.

However, it has become more popular for its perceived benefits in the medical field, especially for its therapeutic and regenerative repair processes.

One classic example is that in a developing mammalian embryo, stem cells evolve and eventually differentiate into all of the specialized and individual embryonic tissues.

For adult organisms, stem cells primarily function as the repair tools of the body as it replenishes damaged specialized cells.

Breakthroughs into stem cell research are looking into its use for medical therapies, especially those in the embryonic cell lines that are generated through therapeutic cloning, especially with damaged muscle and bones tissues commonly affecting dogs.

Also those believed to be highly potential areas for development of stem cell therapeutic benefits are adult stem cells found in the umbilical cord blood and bone marrow.

One of the major properties of the stem cell that establishes itself in the forefront of most medical researches is its ability for self renewal by going through numerous cycles of cell division, all the while maintaining its undifferentiated state.

Another unique property is its unlimited potency where it has the capacity to differentiate to any mature cell type, including the adult canine stem cell.

Theoretically, adult canine stem cells can infinitely divide itself to replenish other cells as long as the living organism – be it human or animal – remains to exist, since when a stem cell divides, it surprisingly can either remain as another stem cell or become a different type of cell that may perform other specialized functions like a brain cell, red blood cell or a muscle cell.

But even as stem cells continue to be known as one of the most fascinating topics of science today, it also has raised many controversial issues that sometimes lead to many technical hurdles that will continue to hound ongoing research into the stem cell process- scientifically, religiously and ethically.

Nonetheless, this check and balance process into stem cell research will benefit science as it will continue to challenge the scientific community to venture forth into more intensive research to further improve and continue to define the roles and limits of stem cells and its mysteries.

Many questions still abound regarding stem cells and dog’s diseases, but unlocking the secret to the adult canine stem cells will provide us with all the answers we need to know.

John Caldecott.


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The Wonders Of Natural Adult Canine Stem Cell Growth

The Wonders Of Natural Adult Canine Stem Cell Growth

The wonders of natural adult canine stem cell growth will continue to astound researchers and many dog owners around the world and provide answers to what would have been mysterious maladies that have afflicted man’s best friend for years.

Natural adult canine stem cell growth is an indication of a complex-free living organism process, especially since stem cells are the key players in the regeneration and repair of diseased or injured tissues.

Adult canine stem cell growth is a naturally-occurring process in the dog’s body, regardless of whether the animal is a full-grown adult or even while still an unspecialized cell upon conception.

Adult canine stem cells are undifferentiated primitive cells that have the ability to both multiply and differentiate into specific kinds of cells, especially one that occurs in the dog’s body.

Surprisingly, adult canine stem cells are much different from every other kind of cell in the dog’s body since they are generic or unspecialized, but generally have three distinct properties, stem cells divide and renew themselves for long periods of time, are initially unspecialized and when subjected to a stimulus can be activated to form specialized cell types in the body.

Scientists see that natural adult canine stem cell growth processes are fundamentally vital to the regenerative and reparative processes of the animal’s body since it is responsible for replacing or renewing damaged or injured tissues.

Since natural canine stem cell growth initially takes its unspecialized form, it starts out not having any tissue or cell-specific structures with specialized functions.

It does not work in assisting blood cells to pump blood throughout the body as what a heart muscle cell does, or carry oxygen molecules as a red blood cell functions or trigger electrochemical signals like what nerve cells do for the body.

However, once exposed to stimuli, it could evolve into a heart muscle cell, a red blood cell or even a nerve cell.

Another astounding fact of an adult stem cell is that it is capable of dividing or renewing themselves for long periods of time, unlike nerve, blood or muscle cells, which do not replicate like what a stem cell does over and over again.

Moreover, natural adult canine stem cell growth also gives rise to specialized cells, which is referred to as the process of differentiation.

Scientists only recently found out that this process occurs when signals within and outside the cell triggers the stem cell to differentiate.

The internal signals are controlled by the genes of the cell which are located all over the strands of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that basically carry the coded frameworks and instructions for all functions and structures of a cell.

The external signals, on the other hand, are the cells’ physical contact with other cells, chemical reactions caused by other cells and molecular activity within the microenvironment.

Since stem cell processes is a relatively new scientific discovery, research still needs to unlock many questions and mysteries that involve stem cells- questions that still remain to be answered in finding more ways to harness the potential of stem cells for cell-based treatments or therapies, especially for most enigmatic diseases that affect dogs in general.

The process of natural adult canine stem cell growth has indeed become the starting point for scientists to harness the potential of stem cells for medical treatments and therapies, intensive research and experimentation will continue to open new doors and frontiers for this primitive cell.

The wonders of natural adult canine stem cell growth will continue to pave the way for new and improved treatments and therapies that will help prolong the bond between man and his four-legged best friend.


John Caldecott.


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It Started with a Canine-Adult Stem Cell and Cloning

It Started with a Canine-Adult Stem Cell and Cloning

The use of adult stem cells to cure sickness among out canine companions is common nowadays. Veterinarian clinics have been performing stem cell renewal to address dogs ailing due to old age, arthritis, or broken bones.

Several mammals, like cows, sheep, mice, horse, mule, rabbits, have been cloned using almost the same process similar to adult stem cell. Clone means that two organisms have the same DNA construct or the same genome. Blastocysts are obtained, they are also called pre-embryo and is mass of undifferentiated cells.

Each of the obtained blastocysts has the potential to generate an individual, but that is not a goal. The goal is to use these undifferentiated cells, also called embryonic stem cells, to generate any time of issue. This stock of stem cells can then be used to treat diseases. You can call this therapeutic cloning.

Much research is being done in developing therapeutic cloning. When developed it can be used against life-threatening disease such as AIDS, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes and other sicknesses. How could it work? Alzheimer’s disease results into dying neurons, it is possible to use cells to treat the degenerative disease.

The use of stem cells, whether it is embryonic and adult, is to regenerate or replace diseased tissue, like in Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis. An advantage of a adult stem cells, is that the patient’s own stem cells can be used on his own body. This removes the risk of rejection, or the immune reactions against reimplanting these cells. In the embryonic stel cemm, exogenous cells are used. They may provoke an immune reaction or response. That is where the therapeutic cloning comes in.

A nucleus is extracted from the body cell, it is then inserted into a denucleated egg cell and the embryonic development is stimulated. It gets cultured and will eventually transfor into the needed tissue which will be transplanted again to the patient for treatment.

But recent medicine has not yet reached this height. There are still no report for successful treatments in kind of human cases using this way. Embryonic stem cell have high tumor risk. But researches are still in the dawn of discovering something or technique that will pave a way for medical change.

But is it really as good as this?

There are some researchers who argue that the adult stem cells are not as it regenerative as it claims. A scientific panel cited a 2002 study showing that adult stem cells are useful as embryonic ones are flawed may be wrong.

They make three common claims about adult stem cells: They already work as therapies, while embryonic stem cells are still experimental; they are derived without killing embryos; and — last but not least — they are safe compared to embryonic stem cells, which are known to cause tumors.

Stem cells have been the subject of much controversy in recent years. Supporters of stem cell research promise successful therapies in the future. Opponents are concerned about the ethics of using embryonic stem cells for research - such stem cells inherently require the destruction of human embryos.

Adult stem cells - which do not involve embryo destruction - are another option for research, and have great potential for successful therapies in the future. It ma have started or popularly used in canine bodies, but there is a future for humans receiving the same treatments for dogs.


John Caldecott.

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Human-Canine Adult Stem Cell-Without Controversy?

Human-Canine Adult Stem Cell-Without Controversy?

Adult stem cell treatment has been around for 40 years already. Since its discovery in the 1960s, its already being used by veterinarians and veterinarian clinics. Most of adult stem cell therapies are for canine companions.

Ever since the discovery of how adult stem cell can help in curing sickness, further research and studies have been made. Scientists have fogging the line between human and animal. Chinese scientists at the Shanghai Second Medical University in 2003, have merged human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos were reportedly the firs human-animal fusion successful created.

Adult stem cell research is a controversial and questioned by those who object to embryonic stem cell research. Unlike the more well-known embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have been proven to be useful for human medical treatments, such as bone marrow transplants, and they are already being used in veterinarian clinics.

They have been of wide interest in the field of medicine. Why? Stem cells have the potential to develop into almost all of the different types of cells. Their primary ability is priceless. They are able to repair damaged or defective tissues. Degenerative diseases, which had to effective therapies, could be alleviated or even cured by stem cell treatment.

For canine treatment, adult stem cell has been used to address different health concerns of aging animals, like arthritis. They may be even used to address issues of canine and animal cancer, brain injuries and heart diseases. Advocates of embryonic research, argue that adult stem cell research will help us cure of diseases like cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and many other kinds of sickness.

There are also medical researches saying that this technology can even be used to cure spinal cord injuries and Parkinson’s disease. There are high personalities like Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox campaign for stem cell research. The medical possibilities, fuel up the debates.

Stem cell has been fueling controversies and ethical debates. Most of the ethical debates surrounding the stem cell controversy is about the creation, usage and destruction of human embryonic stem cells. People who object to using this practice says that this is a reproductive cloning and devalues the worth of human being. Some medical researches argue that it is necessary to pursue stem cell research for its medical potential. Other controversies are about religious practices and the great power doctors would have.

Pro-life advocates raise concerns about the status of the human embryo. Pro-life advocates believe that embryonic stem cell research violates the “sanctity of life” and is equivalent to murder. The fundamental assertion of those who oppose embryonic stem cell research is the belief that human life should not be violated. Pro-life and religious advocates state the fact than human life begins in the process of sexual reproduction, human life begins when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell to form a single cell.

Medical professionals argue that people have difficulty differentiating adult and embryonic stem cells. The adult stem cell are embryo- free and can only create a specific body tissue, cartilage or bone. While embryonic cells, have the potential to give rise to many kinds of tissues in the body, that could lead to dreaded diseases.

Adult stem cell started and is currently predominantly used by veterinarians to cure canine sickness. But the possibilities are limitless, medical sicknesses could be cured and a brighter future for those who are impaired with these kind of illnesses.

John Caldecott.

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History Of Canine Adult Stem Cell Treatment

History Of Canine Adult Stem Cell Treatment

Stem cells have an interesting, and somewhat controversial history. Stem cell research can be traced in the beginning of 1800s with the discovery that some cells could generate other cells. Cells were basically the building blocks of life. This became the start of a medical research towards discovering different aspects of adult stem cell treatment and therapy, whether it is for humans or for animals, like canines.

The history of stem cell research includes work with both animal and human stem cells. Based on their discovery stem cells have three broad categories, (1) totipotent stem cells are found only in early embryo, (2) pluripotent stem cells exist in the undifferentiated inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can form any of the over 200 different cell types found in the body and (3) multipotent stem cells are derived from fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells.

Early 1900s marked the time when attempts were being made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside of the human body. Because of these attempts, scientists and researchers were able to discover that some cells had the ability to generate blood cells.

Some early attempts include several transplants carried out in France following a radiation accident in the late 1950s. Performing marrow transplants in humans was not attempted on a larger scale until a French medical researcher made a critical medical discovery about the human immune system. In 1958 Jean Dausset identified the first of many human histocompatibility antigens. These proteins are called human leukocyte antigens. These HLS antigens give the body’s immune system the ability to determine what belongs in the body and what does not belong.

In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was performed to successfully treat two siblings with severe immunodeficiency. Other key events in the stem cell research include the time when stem cells were discovered in human cord blood in 1978. In vitro stem cell line development can also be attributed to stem cell research. The first in vitro stem cell lines were developed from mice in 1981, while, in 1988 embryonic stem cell lines were created from a hamster.

The primate came next when embryonic stem cell was derived from them in 1995. The year 1997 has such an impact, since it was the first time the a lamb was cloned from stem cells. Researches and discoveries continued until in 1998 to 1999 when James Thompson began to discover the adult mouse tissues could produce different cell types. Meaning, the cells from the bone marrow can produce nerve, liver, or brain cells. This excited the world over the stem cell research.

The most recent discovery about stem cells was made in 2005. Kingston University (England) scientists were said to have discovered another category of stem cells. They originated in the umbilical cord blood as is called cord blodd embryonic-like stem cells. It is suggested that these stem cells have the ability to differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.

Nowadays, canines are among the successful recipient of the adult stem cell studies. But each year, there are advances on the adult stem cell researches. Adult stem cells are also being used not to treat heart diseases and leukemia. The potential is great, but it would take a while and a lot of studies before scientists and doctors get to control the regulation of stem cells. It would take a while before we get to harness the stem cell’s full potential to save many lives.


John Caldecott.

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